Onyakeni odlule ka-2023, ukuthengiswa kwezimoto zikagesi kuzuze uguquko olukhula ngokushesha emakethe futhi kwabonisa izifiso zokusheshisa ngekusasa. Emazweni amaningi, u-2025 uzoba iphoyinti lesikhathi somgomo othile. Ukuzijwayeza eminyakeni yamuva kufakazele ukuthi ukufakwa kukagesi kwezokuthutha kuwuguquko lwamandla oluzinzile oluzibophezele ekubhekaneni nenkinga yesimo sezulu kanye nokusebenzela i-ecosystem eluhlaza. Inhlolovo yabathengi ibonisa ukuthi ukushaja kwe-EV kuyisithiyo esibalulekile ekuthathweni kwe-EV. Ngamanye amazwi, uma abathengi bekholelwa ukuthi ukushaja kwe-EV kunokwethenjelwa, kulula, kulula, futhi kuyathengeka, khona-ke ukuzimisela kwabo ukuthenga ama-EV kuzoba namandla.
Njengengxenye ebalulekile yesistimu yokushaja imoto kagesi, ukuguquguquka kwesixhumi esishajayo, ukwethembeka, nokusebenza kuthinta ngokuqondile ukusebenza kahle kokushaja kwama-EV kanye nolwazi lokushaja lwabanikazi bezimoto. Yize izindinganiso zokushaja izixhumi emhlabeni wonke zingahlanganisiwe, ngisho ezinye ziyahoxa kulo mdlalo. Nokho, ukuqonda izinhlobo zezixhumi zokushaja kusebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwesikhathi eside kwama-EV kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwamamodeli amadala kagesi.
Ngokohlobo lokushaja, ukushaja kwe-EV kungahlukaniswa kube yamanje eqondile(DC) kanye ne-alternating current(AC). Amandla avela kugridi ahlala eshintshana, kuyilapho amabhethri adinga ukugcina amandla ngendlela yamanje eqondile. Ukushaja kwe-DC kudinga isiguquli esakhelwe kushaja ukuze siguqule amandla ashintshashintshayo abe awamanje aqondile ukuze inani elikhulu lamandla litholakale ngokushesha futhi lidluliselwe ebhethrini le-EV. Ukushaja kwe-AC kudinga ishaja engaphakathi emotweni ukuthi iguqule amandla e-AC abe amandla e-DC futhi iwagcine ebhethrini. Ngakho-ke, umehluko oyinhloko phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili ukuthi i-converter ikwishaja noma imoto.
Njengoba kuboniswe emfanekisweni ongenhla, ngokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yezimoto zikagesi kuze kube manje, abakhiqizi bezimoto benze izindinganiso ezimbalwa ezijwayelekile zokushaja okusekelwe ezifundeni ezihlukene zokuthengisa. I-AC Type 1 ne-DC CCS1 eNyakatho Melika, kanye ne-AC Type 2 ne-DC CCS2 eYurophu. I-DC yaseJapan isebenzisa i-CHAdeMO, kanti abanye basebenzisa i-CCS1. Imakethe yaseShayina isebenzisa indinganiso ye-GB/T njengezinga likazwelonke lokushaja imoto kagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-EV giant Tesla inesixhumi sayo sokushaja esiyingqayizivele.
Isixhumi sokushaja se-AC
Amashaja asekhaya namashaja ezindaweni zomphakathi njengezindawo zokusebenza, izinxanxathela zezitolo, amahhotela, netiyetha njengamanje ikakhulukazi Amashaja e-AC. Abanye bazoba nekhebuli yokushaja enamathiselwe, abanye ngeke.
I-J1772-Type 1 Isixhumi
Ngokusekelwe kuzinga le-SAE J1772 futhi elidizayinelwe ukusetshenziswa namasistimu angu-120 V noma angu-240 V esigaba esisodwa se-AC. Leli zinga lokushaja le-AC lisetshenziswa eNyakatho Melika nase-Asia, njenge-Japan ne-Korea, futhi lisekela kuphela izilinganiso zokushaja ze-AC zesigaba esisodwa.
Izinga liphinde lichaze amazinga okushaja: I-AC Level 1 ifika ku-1.92kW kanye ne-AC Level 2 ifika ku-19.2kW. Iziteshi zokushaja ze-AC zomphakathi zamanje cishe zingamashaja e-Level 2 kuphela ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zabantu zokushaja izindawo zokupaka, kanti namashaja asekhaya akuLeveli 2 nawo adume kakhulu.
I-Mennekes-Type 2 Isixhumi
Idizayinwe ngabakwaMennekes, ichazwe yi-European Union njengezinga lokushaja i-AC emakethe yaseYurophu futhi yamukelwe ngamanye amazwe amaningi. Ingasetshenziselwa ukushaja ama-EV ngamandla angu-230V wesigaba esisodwa noma amandla angu-480V ezigaba ezintathu ze-AC. Amandla amakhulu kagesi wezigaba ezintathu angafinyelela ku-43kW, ahlangabezana kakhulu nezidingo zokushaja zabanikazi be-EV.
Eziteshini eziningi zokushaja ze-AC e-Europe, ukuze ihambisane nemakethe ye-EV ehlukahlukene, izintambo zokushaja ngokuvamile azixhunywanga kumashaja. Abashayeli be-EV ngokuvamile badinga ukuphatha izintambo zabo zokushaja (ezibizwa nangokuthi amakhebula e-BYO) ukuze baxhume ishaja ezimotweni zabo.
I-Workersbee isanda kwethula ikhebuli yokushaja ye-EV engu-2.3, engagcini nje ngokugcina ikhwalithi yayo ephezulu engaguquguquki nokuhambisana okuphezulu kodwa futhi isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obumbozwe ngenjoloba ukuze bathole ukuzizwisa kokuvikela okuphelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuphathwa kwekhebula kuyathuthukiswa kucatshangelwa izimo zokusetshenziswa kwabathengi. Idizayini yesiqeshana sekhebula ne-Velcro yenza kube lula futhi kujabulise kubathengi ukuthi bayisebenzise ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Isixhumi esijwayelekile sase-China sokushaja kwe-EV sifana kakhulu nohlobo 2 ohlakeni. Kodwa-ke, isiqondiso sezintambo zayo zangaphakathi kanye nezivumelwano zesignali zihluke ngokuphelele. Isigaba esisodwa AC 250V, okwamanje kufika ku-32A. Izigaba ezintathu ze-AC 440V, okwamanje kufika ku-63A.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ngokukhula okunamandla kokuthunyelwa kwe-EV yaseChina, izixhumi ze-GB/T sezidume ngokushesha emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngaphezu kwe-China, kukhona nesidingo esikhulu sokushaja isixhumi se-GB/T eMpumalanga Ephakathi nasemazweni e-CIS.
Nakuba impikiswano mayelana nobuhle nobubi be-AC ne-DC ishisa kakhulu, ngokuduma ngezinga elikhulu kwama-EV, kuyaphuthuma ukwandisa inombolo nengxenye yokushajwa kwe-DC okusheshayo.
Isistimu yokushaja ehlanganisiwe:I-CCS1 Isixhumi
Ngokusekelwe kusixhumi sokushaja sohlobo 1 lwe-AC, amatheminali e-DC (Combo 1) engezwa ukuze i-DC enamandla amakhulu ishaje kufika ku-350kw.
Nakuba isixhumi esishajayo se-Tesla esishiwo ngezansi sidla ngokuhlanya isabelo semakethe se-CCS1, i-CCS1 isazoba nendawo emakethe ngenxa yokuvikelwa kwenqubomgomo yoxhaso eyamenyezelwa ngaphambilini e-US.
I-Workersbee, isixhumi sokushaja esinesikhathi eside sasungulwa, namanje ayikadeli imakethe yayo ku-CCS1, ihambisana nezitayela zenqubomgomo kanye nokuthuthukisa imikhiqizo yayo. Umkhiqizo uphumelele isitifiketi se-UL, futhi ukwethembeka nokuphepha kwawo kunconywe ngazwi linye ngamakhasimende.
Ngaphandle kwamazwe aseMelika, iJapan neSouth Korea nazo zizosebenzisa leli zinga lokushaja le-DC (yebo, iJapan nayo inesixhumi sayo se-CHAdeMO DC).
Isistimu yokushaja ehlanganisiwe:I-CCS2 Isixhumi
Ngokufanayo ne-CCS1, i-CCS2 yengeza amatheminali e-DC (Combo 2) ngokusekelwe kusixhumi sokushaja sohlobo 2 AC futhi iyisixhumi esiyinhloko sokushaja kwe-DC eYurophu. Ngokungafani ne-CCS1, abathintwayo be-AC (L1, L2, L3, kanye no-N) bohlobo 2 kusixhumi se-CCS2 bakhishwe ngokuphelele, okushiya abathintwayo abathathu kuphela bokuxhumana kanye nesisekelo esivikelayo.
I-Workersbee ithuthukise izixhumi zokupholisa zemvelo ezinezinzuzo ezingabizi kakhulu kanye nalezo zokupholisa uketshezi ezinezinzuzo ezisebenza kahle zezixhumi zokushaja ezisheshayo ze-CCS2's DC.
Kuhle ukusho ukuthi i-CCS2 yesixhumi sokushaja okupholisa okungokwemvelo esingu-1.1 singakwazi kakade ukuzuza okukhiphayo okuzinzile okufika kokungu-375A okuphezulu kwamanje. Indlela emangalisayo yokulawula ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa idonsele ukunaka okukhulu kubakhiqizi bezimoto kanye nabakhiqizi bemishini yokushaja.
Isixhumi sokupholisa uketshezi se-CCS2 esibhekene nezidingo zesikhathi esizayo singakwazi okwamanje ukuzuza okukhiphayo okuzinzile kwamanje okungu-600A. Okuphakathi nendawo kuyatholakala ekupholiseni uwoyela nasekupholiseni amanzi, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa kuphakeme kunokupholisa kwemvelo.
I-CHAdeMO Isixhumi
Izixhumi zokushaja ze-DC e-Japan, nezinye iziteshi zokushaja e-US naseYurophu nazo zihlinzeka ngezitolo ze-CHAdeMO, kodwa azizona izidingo zenqubomgomo eziyimpoqo. Ngaphansi kokucindezela kwemakethe kwezixhumi ze-CCS ne-Tesla, i-CHAdeMO ibonise ubuthakathaka kancane kancane futhi yaze yafakwa ohlwini "olungacatshangelwa" ngabakhiqizi nabaqhubi bemishini yokushaja.
I-GB/T DC Isixhumi
Izinga lokushaja le-DC elibuyekeziwe lakamuva lase-China lenyusa umkhawulo wamanje ube ngu-800A. Kuyinzuzo enkulu ukuvela kwamamodeli amasha kagesi anamandla amakhulu kanye nohlu olude emakethe, kusheshisa ukuthandwa nokuthuthukiswa kokushaja okusheshayo nokushaja okukhulu.
Ekuphenduleni impendulo yemakethe mayelana nokusebenza kabi kwesistimu yokugcina isixhumi se-DC, njengesixhumi esithambekele ekuhlulekeni noma ekuvulekeni, i-Workersbee ithuthukise isixhumi se-GB/T DC.
Amandla okukhiya wehuku ayanda ukuze kugwenywe ukwehluleka ukuxhumana nemoto, ukuthuthukisa ukwethembeka nolwazi lomsebenzisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuthuthukisi nje kuphela ukuzinza kwesikhiya se-elekthronikhi kodwa futhi yamukela umklamo wokushintsha ngokushesha, onciphisa izindleko zokugcinwa kokusetshenziswa kwe-high-frequency.
Isixhumi se-Tesla: Isixhumi se-NACS
Idizayini edidiyelwe yakho kokubili i-AC ne-DC iyingxenye yosayizi wesixhumi se-CCS, inhle futhi ilula. Njengomakhi we-automaker we-maverick, u-Tesla waqamba isixhumi sayo sokushaja izinga ngokuthi i-North American Charging Standard.
Lesi sifiso naso saba ngokoqobo esikhathini esingeside esidlule.
I-Tesla ivule izinga layo lokuxhuma ukushaja futhi yamema ezinye izinkampani zezimoto kanye namanethiwekhi wokushaja ukuze ziyisebenzise, okunomthelela omkhulu emakethe yokushaja.
Abakhiqizi bezimoto abakhulu okubalwa kubo iGeneral Motors, Ford, kanye neMercedes-Benz bajoyine ngokulandelana. Muva nje, i-SAE iphinde yayimisa futhi yachaza ngokuthi i-J3400.
Isixhumi se-ChaoJi
Siholwa yi-China futhi sathuthukiswa ngokuhlanganyela amazwe amaningi, isixhumi se-ChaoJi sihlanganisa izinzuzo zezixhumi zokushaja ze-DC ezivamile zamanje, sithuthukisa amaphutha, futhi sithuthukise ukuhambisana okuhlukahlukene kwesifunda, sihlose ukuzuza emhlabeni wonke imisinga ephakeme kanye nezidingo zokunwetshwa kobufakazi besikhathi esizayo. Isixazululo sezobuchwepheshe sivunywe ngazwi linye yi-IEC futhi sesiyindinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe.
Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kokuncintisana okuqinile kwe-NACS, ikusasa lentuthuko ayikacaci.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezixhumi zokushaja kungathuthukisa ukusebenzisana kwezinto zokushaja, okungangabazeki kuzozuzisa ukwamukelwa okusabalele kwama-EV. Izophinde yehlise izindleko zokufakwayo kwabenzi bezimoto kanye nokushaja abakhiqizi bemishini nabaqhubi, futhi ikhuthaze ukuthuthuka okusheshiswayo kokufakwa kukagesi wezokuthutha.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemikhawulo yezinqubomgomo nezindinganiso zikahulumeni, kuphinde kube nezithiyo ezithakazelweni nasezobuchwepheshe phakathi kwabakhiqizi bezimoto abahlukahlukene nabahlinzeki bemishini eshajayo, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuhlanganisa izindinganiso zokuxhuma zokushaja emhlabeni jikelele. Isiqondiso samazinga wokushaja isixhumi sizolandela ukukhetha kwemakethe. Isabelo semakethe yabathengi sinquma ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu azoba nokuhleka kokugcina, futhi okunye kungase kuhlangane noma kunyamalale.
Njengengqalasizinda yezixazululo zokushaja, i-Workersbee izibophezele ekukhuthazeni ukuthuthukiswa nokumiswa kwezixhumi. Yomibili imikhiqizo yethu ye-AC ne-DC izuze idumela elihle emakethe futhi ibe negalelo elihle ekuthuthukiseni imboni yokushaja. Sihlale sibheke ngabomvu ukusebenzisana nabaholi abavelele embonini ukuze sakhe ikusasa lezokuthutha eliluhlaza.
I-Workersbee ihlinzeka ozakwethu ngezixazululo ezingcono zokushaja izimoto zikagesi ngemikhiqizo yekhwalithi ephezulu, ubuchwepheshe obuphambili, namandla okukhiqiza aqinile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-12-2024